Metabolic Pathways
Comprehensive guides to metabolic pathways including glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid oxidation.
Metabolic Pathways
Comprehensive guides to metabolic pathways including glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid oxidation.
Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle / Krebs Cycle)
The citric acid cycle is the central hub of cellular metabolism, oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generating energy carriers including NADH, FADH2, and GTP.
Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-Oxidation)
Fatty acid oxidation is the mitochondrial pathway that breaks down fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors including lactate, amino acids, and glycerol.
Glycolysis
The glycolytic pathway (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas) breaks down glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. This central metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm of virtually all living cells.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation generate the majority of cellular ATP using NADH and FADH2 produced by earlier metabolic pathways.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for biosynthesis and antioxidant defense.